Afrika
S.A:Alžírsko(Džazáir),Egypt(Káahira),Libye(Tarábulus)Maroko(Ribát)Sudán(Chartúm)Tunis(Túnis);nejpocetnejsi
obyv.:Arabové(nepůvodní),Berberi,Tuaregove(puvodni),i cernosske
obyv(Niolté-sudan), naboz.:Islam, tezba:ropa,z.ply ,fosfaty(Maroko),prum.petrochemie, spotřební,strojirenský;zemedelstvi:citrusy,obilniny(psenice),bavlnik,datlovník,vinna
reva ,chov:skot,velbloudi,ovce,;cest.ruch:Tunisko,Egypt,problemy:islamsky
fundamentalismus(hl.Alzirsko),Libye podporuje svetovy terorismus,Z Sahara je
obsazena Marokem
Z.A.+Stř.A+V.A:,chudé
země,nizke HDP, trop.pas,podnebí ovlivnovano monzuny,trop.destne lesy.,jizne od
obratniku raka:krajne nepriznive podminky(poust)
Z.A:Benin(Porto
Novo)Burkina Faso (Ouagadougou),Gambie Banjul)Ghana(Accra) Guinea(Conakry),Guinea-Bissau(Bissau),
Kapverdy(Praia), Liberie(Monorovia)Mali (Bamako) Mauretánie(Nouakchott)Niger(Niamey)Nigerie(Abuja)Senegal(Dakar),Sierra
Leone(Freetown)Togo(Lomé) tezba:zelezo (Nigerie,mauretánie),bauxit(Guinea), zlato(guin.zal),diamanty(Sierra
Leone),Guinejský zal.je jedna z hl.prum. oblastí,prum.: spotřební,potravinářsky,
textilni,drevozpracujici,,zemedel.:kávovník,bavlnik,kakaovnik,chov skotu,prasat
Stř.A:Angola(Luanda),
Čad(N Djamena) Gabon(Libreville) Kamerun(Yaoundé)Kongo (Brazzaville)
Rovnik.Guinea (Malabo),Stredoafr.rep(Bangui),Zair(Kinshasa),tezba:diamanty
(kongo), ,prum.:hutnictví bar.kovu (plosina Katanga), spotřební,pest.: brambory,bataty,jamy,citrusy,banánovník,
kukuřice,chov prasat ,skotu
V.A:Burundi(Bujambura),
Džibutsko(Džibutí) Eritrea (Asmera), Etiopie (Adis abeba), Keňa (Nairobi)Madagaskar
(Antanánarivo)Mauritius (Port Louis) Mosambik (Maputo) Rwanda(Kigali)Seychely
(Victoria) Somálsko (Muqdisho), Tanzanie (Dodoma),Uganda(Kampala),Zambie(Lusaka)Zimbabwe(Harare),
tezba:tuha (Madagaskar), prum.textil,potrav.,tabak,kávovník, brambory, jamy, čajovnik,kaučukovník,
J.A.:Botswana(Gaborone)JAR(Pretoria),
Lesotho(Maseru),Namibie(Windhoek)Svazijsko
(Mbabane),;subtrop.klima,zelezo,uhlí,diamanty,bohata na nerosty (mangan,platina,zlato,…),
rolnicka malovyroba,psenice,kukuřice,cukr.trtina,vinna reva, tabak,bavlna,kava,
obyv.:pestré;Bantuové,Khoinové (Hotentoti),Sanové (Krovaci)
.JAR:nejvyspelejsi
A.stat,oblast vysoke Afr.(Draci Hory,Vysoky
Veld),reky:Vaal,oranže,Limpopo,vodopád Tugela,neubíhat.stat na tezbu nerost
bohatstvi(zlato,Fe,uhli,barev.kovy),vsestrane
rozvin.prumysl(stroj.,textil.,hut.,potrav.),tepelne
elektrarny,subtrop.plodiny,obilniny,tabak,babník,chov skotu,ovci,kvalitni
silnic.sit, obyv.:hl.cernosi,mensina belosska (Holand.,Angl)
asijska(Indie),oficial.jazyk:Aj,tzv:Afrikánština
Obyvatelstvo:1)Středozem.typ-S
Afr.,europoidni plemeno(Arabove,Berbeři),2)Smíšené negroidně-europoidní
populace-stř.A,SV Afr,etipoci 3)stará negroid.populace, hotentoti, krovaci
4)negroidni trpaslici kmeny-pygmejove,v trop.lesich str.A 5)prave negroidni
populace-nejpocetnejsi( Sudanci,Mantuove), na J od Sahary-nejjiznejsi část Afr.
6)malajsko-indonesky typ-Madgaskar(Malgošové)
Problem:Urbanizace-migrace
do mest,vnitrni i zahr.migrace,vzrusta počet obyv.
Prumysl:prum.oblasti:JAR,S
Afr,Guin.zal,Katanga,rozvin.remeslna vyroba,neexistuje zelez.spojeni ze
S na J,(z V na Z:Lobita-Dar es-Salam),spatna kvalita silnic,
Letec.doprava v kazdem state,ale zajištěna hl.cizimi
staty,Vnitrozem.plavba-Kongo,Niger,Nil,Namor.lodstvo:Liberie
Zemedelstvi-hl.soucast
afr hospodarstvi,70%ekonom.aktivniho obyvatelstva,významný podíl na
HDP,plantazni zemedelstvi(čajovník,kakaovník,..)-vyvoz do světa,problem:moucha
tse-tse,kobylky,desertifikace,vykyvy cen u export.plodin,rybolov-oceansky,jezerni,ricni,JA-lov
zraloku
Podnebí:1)okolo
rovniku:velka vlhkost,caste srazky, trop.dest lesy, 2)S a Jod rovniku:
subekvatorial.klima:stridani destua sucha,savany, stredne vlhke lesy, 3)okolo
obratniku-top.pas-sucho,antipasat, TV, malo srazek, vysoke teploty,
pouste+poloposte 4)subtrop.pas.-sucha,tepla lta, srazky v zime,Ocean.proudy:JZ-Bengalsky;SZ-Kanarsky,V-vlhci
a teple proudy,Sahel-prechodne pasmo(poust prechazi v savanu)
Austrálie:zapadoaustr.tabule-vyplnuje
celou Z část,Velka pisec.poust,gibbonova poust,Velka Viktoriina
poust,Stredoaustral.ostrov.hory-MacDonnelovo pohori,Mushgraveovo poh,.Ayers
Rock(Uhuru),Nullaborska rovina,Stredoaust.niziny:Velke predelove
poh.-V,nejvyssi vysky na J(Austral.Alpy),Mt.Kosciusko(2228m),Blue Mountains(Z
od Sydney),vodstvo:Artéské panve,Darling,Murray,neprav.vod.toky:Creek,Eyrovo
jez-J,slane,vice nez 1/2Aust. Nalezi mezi bezodtoke obl.zbytek do Ind.oc,
Podnebí:S-vlhke klima(subkvetorial.)monzun.deste,většina Aust.trop
podn,nedostatek srazek,J-JV:nejvice lidi,nejpriznivejsi
klima(subtrop§,JV-ovlivnovan pasaty,Yorsky pol-nevi srazek,J-nejmin srazek
Vegetace-aust-se
vyvijela izolovane=>ENDEMITE,veget,pasy:trop.dest.lesy-S(Yorsky pol),většin
A pokryta savanou,ve vnitrozemi prechod na pouste a polopouště,typicke
blahovicnihgove lesy(eukalyptove)-J A,klokani,koala,ptakopysk,emu,krokodýl,dingo,120
narod.parku,
Obyv.:18
mil.,hl.bila rasa,puvo. Obyv: černoši,australoid.rasa,většina australanu zije
ve meste,v JV casti A,asijske mensiny, Australsky svaz:6 státu:.Zapad.A -Perth,J.A-Adelide,Queensland-Brisbane,Novy
J Wales-Sydney,Viktorie-Melbourne,Tasmánie-Hobart,
Teritoria:severni-Darwin,teritorium
hl.mesta-Canberra
Hospodarstvi:nejvysp.kapitalisticky
stat.tezba:Z-
zelez.ruda,mangan,JZ-zlato,S-bauxit,V-uhli,bar.kovy(med,zinek),drahokamy,vyvoz
do Japon.,rozsirena vsechna prum.odvetvi,nejvyzn.oblast:JV A(velka města)
Zemedelstvi:chov
ovci,skotu,vyvoz psenice,ovci produkty,citrusy,vino,
bavlnik,tabak,trop.ovoce,spatne klimat.podminky=>muze využívat jen malou
část země
Novy
Zeland1)Severni ostrov-hodne sopek(Rua Pebu),nejv.gejzir světa)Way Kongem),2)Jizni
o.-zaledneny,Novozeland.Alpy,fjordy;podnebí-mirny pas,meni se
s nadm.vyskou,hospodarstvi-vyspele,stroj.a potrav.prum,vodni elny,chov
ovci,skotu,pest.obilnin,ptak
kiwi,hl.esto:Wellington,ost-města:Auckland,Christchurch,potomci
pristehovalcu,jazyk:AJ,puv.obyv:Maurove(asi 300 000)
Oceanie:1)Melanesie(N.Guinea,Salamounovy
o.,Nove Hebridy,Bismarckovo souostr.,Nova Kaledonie,Fidži),2)Mikronésie(Z část
Tich.oc.:Mariany,Karoliny,Marshallovy o.,..) 3)Polynesiena V od
1+2-Havajske o.,Cookovi,Velikonocni,Společenské(Tahiti),1) vliv:korálí a
sopec.cinnost ;kontinentální
o.:(NovGuinea,Šalamoun.o.,Bism.s.,NovKaledonie),velke ostrova s vrasovimi
pohori v Melanesii,2)Koralove o=atoly-male nizke ostrovy,vybudovali je
korali v koloniich z cistych a teplych vod,malou rod.puda-malo
humusu,-kokos.palmy.kere,trava 3)Sopecne
o(Havaj,o,tahiti)-vetsi,vyssi,prikrejsi,velmi úrodná půda,bohate
rostlinstvo-ryze,cukr.trtina,trop.ovoce,;Podnebí:tropicke a oceánské-teple a
vlhke,pas rovnik tisin-vydatne dste,pasaty,vyskyt trop.dest.lesu,Z-krovinne a
travnate porosty,monzuny,trop.cyklony,reky a jez.jen na versích
ostrovech,Obyv:původ:JV Asie,přistěhovalci
hl.Indove,cinane,Evropane,Hospodarstvi:plantazni pstovani kokos.palmy,tezba
nerost.surovin(fosfstay,nikl,med),cest.ruch
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Breeches - well-defined horseback riding panoply
(BreechesQueby, 23. 5. 2020 9:40)
Similar to every single discipline of sport, horse riding also calls for specific gear. It would not suggest that without correct apparel of the rider, the horse will not canter, however the norm, coziness, aesthetics carry out a critical role in any disciplines. Especially horse riding, namely a discipline from distant background, has generated specific characteristics over the years. Breeches are unquestionably one of them.
Equestrian breeches, comfort and ease, and custom
Equestrian breeches are exceptional horseback riding gear. Because they don't include seams on the inner part of the leg, namely in the area in which the rider’s leg meets the seat, they give comfort and ease and versatility of actions. This kind of way of sewing helps to protect your skin layer from chafing, permits the rider to properly saddle the horse and travel for a long period with out unfavorable consequences. Breeches is likely to be tight or puffed around the thighs and legs, similar to cavalry breeches.
At the moment, the most famous are firmer models of breeches, nevertheless, there is still a large group individuals preferring the cavalry model, e.g. saloons or jodhpurs, having straight or a little bit widening legs. The last version has become common in the Nineteenth century Great Britain thanks to Jodhpur maharajah taking part in polo in such outfits.
But what makes breeches exceptional?
Breeches are characterized by high waist and grip - short or long. A grip is an added reinforcement with a level of suede, leather or silicon that goes far towards the knees or down the entire leg. This guarantees significantly better adhesiveness in the seat, however, the type of the breeches will depend on the rider’s choices.
Full grip breeches have this additional strengthening on the inner side of the pants on the whole length of where the rider’s body meets the seat - in the buttocks to calves. This model is particularly used by dressage riders, who love to ride at a trot or canter. By reason of restricted slippage and good tackiness, gluiness, gumminess, they make it better to remain in the saddle.
Knee grip breeches possess the strengthening on the inner section of the knees. This particular design is very used by jumping riders as it guarantees flexibility of movements even at the expense of a lesser grip. It performs at a trot and canter in half-seat.
Material for breeches
In order for breeches to be as sturdy as they can, they must be created from high quality materials. Fabric is decided on for a given time of year, so it is appropriately breathable, isolating, quick-dry, and simple to clear. The fabric must be somewhat flexible and maintain its design even after a number of laundries.
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